Combined oral contraceptives raise SHBG and lower free testosterone in women, which can reduce libido. Here is what the evidence shows about this effect and what options exist.
5 min read
DHEA declines with age in both sexes and is a precursor to both testosterone and estrogen. Here is what the clinical trials show about DHEA supplementation for postmenopausal women.
5 min read
The hormonal crash after delivery is one of the most dramatic in human physiology. Here is what changes, when it stabilizes, and when symptoms warrant medical evaluation.
6 min read
Spironolactone blocks androgen receptors and reduces testosterone-driven skin and hair symptoms in women. Here is what the clinical evidence shows about its effectiveness and side effects.
6 min read
The Women's Health Initiative study created widespread concern about HRT that subsequent research has substantially revised. Here is what current evidence shows about benefits, risks, and who is most likely to benefit.
7 min read
Women produce testosterone in the ovaries and adrenal glands, and it affects libido, energy, and bone density. Here is what normal levels look like and when low testosterone in women is worth investigating.
6 min read
Standard iron tests often miss iron deficiency in women. Ferritin is the sensitive measure. Here is what ferritin levels mean for hair loss, fatigue, and athletic performance.
5 min read
Female hair loss has multiple distinct causes that require different treatments. Misidentifying the cause is why many treatments fail. Here is how to tell them apart.
6 min read
Perimenopause typically begins in the mid-40s and can last 4-10 years before menopause. Here is what drives the hormonal changes and what symptoms to expect at each stage.
7 min read
Polycystic ovary syndrome affects 8-13% of women of reproductive age and involves insulin resistance, androgen excess, and ovulatory dysfunction. Here is what the clinical evidence shows about its hormonal drivers.
7 min read